|
| 1 | +""" |
| 2 | +Project Euler Problem 136: https://projecteuler.net/problem=136 |
| 3 | +
|
| 4 | +Singleton Difference |
| 5 | +
|
| 6 | +The positive integers, x, y, and z, are consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression. |
| 7 | +Given that n is a positive integer, the equation, x^2 - y^2 - z^2 = n, |
| 8 | +has exactly one solution when n = 20: |
| 9 | + 13^2 - 10^2 - 7^2 = 20. |
| 10 | +
|
| 11 | +In fact there are twenty-five values of n below one hundred for which |
| 12 | +the equation has a unique solution. |
| 13 | +
|
| 14 | +How many values of n less than fifty million have exactly one solution? |
| 15 | +
|
| 16 | +By change of variables |
| 17 | +
|
| 18 | +x = y + delta |
| 19 | +z = y - delta |
| 20 | +
|
| 21 | +The expression can be rewritten: |
| 22 | +
|
| 23 | +x^2 - y^2 - z^2 = y * (4 * delta - y) = n |
| 24 | +
|
| 25 | +The algorithm loops over delta and y, which is restricted in upper and lower limits, |
| 26 | +to count how many solutions each n has. |
| 27 | +In the end it is counted how many n's have one solution. |
| 28 | +""" |
| 29 | + |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | +def solution(n_limit: int = 50 * 10**6) -> int: |
| 32 | + """ |
| 33 | + Define n count list and loop over delta, y to get the counts, then check |
| 34 | + which n has count == 1. |
| 35 | +
|
| 36 | + >>> solution(3) |
| 37 | + 0 |
| 38 | + >>> solution(10) |
| 39 | + 3 |
| 40 | + >>> solution(100) |
| 41 | + 25 |
| 42 | + >>> solution(110) |
| 43 | + 27 |
| 44 | + """ |
| 45 | + n_sol = [0] * n_limit |
| 46 | + |
| 47 | + for delta in range(1, (n_limit + 1) // 4 + 1): |
| 48 | + for y in range(4 * delta - 1, delta, -1): |
| 49 | + n = y * (4 * delta - y) |
| 50 | + if n >= n_limit: |
| 51 | + break |
| 52 | + n_sol[n] += 1 |
| 53 | + |
| 54 | + ans = 0 |
| 55 | + for i in range(n_limit): |
| 56 | + if n_sol[i] == 1: |
| 57 | + ans += 1 |
| 58 | + |
| 59 | + return ans |
| 60 | + |
| 61 | + |
| 62 | +if __name__ == "__main__": |
| 63 | + print(f"{solution() = }") |
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