diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index e66b725..ee4eec4 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -8,6 +8,19 @@
<artifactId>collections</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+ <build>
+ <plugins>
+ <plugin>
+ <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+ <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+ <configuration>
+ <source>1.8</source>
+ <target>1.8</target>
+ </configuration>
+ </plugin>
+ </plugins>
+ </build>
+
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
diff --git a/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/ParenChecker.java b/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/ParenChecker.java
index caee675..5124fdf 100644
--- a/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/ParenChecker.java
+++ b/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/ParenChecker.java
@@ -1,4 +1,28 @@
package io.zipcoder;
-public class ParenChecker {
-}
+import java.util.Stack;
+
+public class ParenChecker {
+
+ Stack<Character> parensStack = new Stack<Character>();
+
+ public boolean verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(String input) {
+ String changedInput = input.replaceAll("[\\(\\{\\[\\<]","(");
+ changedInput = changedInput.replaceAll("[\\)\\}\\]\\>]", ")");
+ changedInput = changedInput.replaceAll("[\\\"\\']", "^");
+ for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {
+ char inputCharacter = changedInput.charAt(i);
+ if (! parensStack.isEmpty() && ((inputCharacter == ')' || inputCharacter == '^') && (parensStack.peek() == '(' || parensStack.peek() == '^'))) {
+ parensStack.pop();
+ }
+ else if (inputCharacter == '(' || inputCharacter == '^') {
+ parensStack.push(inputCharacter);
+ } else if (inputCharacter == ')' || parensStack.peek() != '(') {
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+ return parensStack.isEmpty();
+
+ }
+ }
+
diff --git a/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/WC.java b/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/WC.java
index babb68c..3a90afa 100644
--- a/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/WC.java
+++ b/src/main/java/io/zipcoder/WC.java
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
public class WC {
+
+ Map<String, Integer> wordsAndTheirCounts = new LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>();
private Iterator<String> si;
public WC(String fileName) {
@@ -20,4 +23,54 @@ public WC(String fileName) {
public WC(Iterator<String> si) {
this.si = si;
}
+
+ //Sort values into map method
+ public Map<String, Integer> countNumberOfTimesWordsOccur(){
+ Integer wordCount = 0;
+ while(si.hasNext()){
+ wordCount++;
+ String word = si.next().toLowerCase().replaceAll("[^a-z]", "");
+ if(wordsAndTheirCounts.containsKey(word)){
+ wordsAndTheirCounts.put(word, wordsAndTheirCounts.get(word) +1);
+ } else{
+ wordsAndTheirCounts.put(word, 1);
+ }
+ }
+ wordsAndTheirCounts.put("Total Words", wordCount);
+ return wordsAndTheirCounts;
+ }
+
+ //Order map in descending order method
+ public Map<String, Integer> sortMapIntoDescendingOrder() {
+ List<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> toSort = new ArrayList<>();
+ for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> stringIntegerEntry : countNumberOfTimesWordsOccur().entrySet()) {
+ toSort.add(stringIntegerEntry);
+ }
+ toSort.sort(Map.Entry.<String, Integer>
+ comparingByValue().reversed().thenComparing(Map.Entry.comparingByKey()));
+ Map<String, Integer> wordsAndTheirCountsDesc = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+ for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> stringIntegerEntry : toSort) {
+ wordsAndTheirCountsDesc.putIfAbsent(stringIntegerEntry.getKey(), stringIntegerEntry.getValue());
+ }
+ return wordsAndTheirCountsDesc;
+ }
+
+ //Print map method
+ public String printMap(){
+ StringBuilder printedList = new StringBuilder();
+ for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : sortMapIntoDescendingOrder().entrySet()){
+ printedList.append(entry.getKey());
+ printedList.append(":");
+ printedList.append(" appears ");
+ printedList.append(entry.getValue());
+ printedList.append(" times\n");
+ }
+ return printedList.toString();
+
+ }
+
+
+/// ^ reads like does not equal
+// ::
+
}
diff --git a/src/main/resources/someTextFile.txt b/src/main/resources/someTextFile.txt
index e69de29..dec1218 100644
--- a/src/main/resources/someTextFile.txt
+++ b/src/main/resources/someTextFile.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador, by William Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
+
+
+Title: Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+ An Address Presented by Lt.-Colonel William Wood, F.R.S.C. before
+ the Second Annual Meeting of the Commission of Conservation at Quebec,
+ January, 1911
+
+
+Author: William Wood
+
+Release Date: February 1, 2005 [EBook #14866]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMAL SANCTUARIES IN LABRADOR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Wallace McLean, Diane Monico and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Commission of Conservation
+Canada
+
+ANIMAL SANCTUARIES
+IN
+LABRADOR
+
+AN ADDRESS PRESENTED
+BY
+LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.
+
+Before the Second Annual Meeting
+of the Commission of Conservation
+at Quebec, January, 1911
+
+OTTAWA: CAPITAL PRESS LIMITED, 1911
+
+
+
+
+_Animal Sanctuaries
+in Labrador_
+
+An Address Presented
+BY
+LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD
+BEFORE
+THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING
+OF THE COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION
+HELD AT QUEBEC, JANUARY, 1911
+
+
+
+
+An Appeal
+
+All to whom wild Nature is one of the greatest glories of the Earth,
+all who know its higher significance for civilized man to-day, and all
+who consequently prize it as an heirloom for posterity, are asked to
+help in keeping the animal life of Labrador from being wantonly done
+to death.
+
+There is nothing to cause disagreement among the three main classes of
+people most interested in wild life--the men whose business depends in
+any way on animal products, the sportsmen, and the Nature-lovers of
+every kind. There are very good reasons why the general public should
+support the scheme. And there are equally good reasons why it should
+be induced to do so by simply telling it the truth about the senseless
+extermination that is now going on.
+
+Every reader can help by spreading some knowledge of the subject in
+his or her home circle. Canada, like all free countries, is governed
+by public opinion. And sound public opinion, like all other good
+things, should always begin at home.
+
+The Press can help, as it has helped many another good cause, by
+giving the subject full publicity. Free use can be made of the present
+paper in any way desired. It is left non-copyright for this very
+purpose.
+
+Experts can help by pointing out mistakes, giving information, and
+making suggestions of their own. And if any of them will undertake to
+lead, the present author will undertake to follow.
+
+It is proposed to issue a supplement in 1912, containing all the
+additional information collected in the mean time. Every such item of
+information will be duly credited to the person supplying it.
+
+All correspondence should be addressed--
+
+ COLONEL WOOD,
+ 59, Grande Allée, Quebec.
+
+
+
+
+Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+BY
+LIEUT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C., ETC.
+
+
+MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN:--
+
+To be quite honest I must begin by saying that I am not a scientific
+expert on either animals, sanctuaries or Labrador. But, by way of
+excusing my temerity, I can plead a life-long love of animals, a good
+deal of experience and study of them--especially down the Lower St.
+Lawrence, and considerable attention to sanctuaries in general and
+their suitability to Labrador in particular. Moreover, I can plead
+this most pressingly important fact, that a magnificent opportunity is
+fast slipping away before our very eyes there, without a single effort
+being made to seize it. I have repeatedly discussed the question with
+those best qualified to give sound advice--with naturalists,
+explorers, missionaries, fishermen, furriers, traders, hunters,
+sportsmen, and many who are accustomed to look ahead into the higher
+development of our public life. I have also read the books, papers and
+reports written from up-to-date and first-hand knowledge. And, though
+I have been careful to consult men who regard such questions from very
+different points of view, and books showing quite as wide a general
+divergence, I have found a remarkable consensus of opinion in favour
+of establishing a system of sanctuaries before it is too late. I
+should like to add that any information on the subject, or any
+correction of what I have written here, will be most welcome. The
+simple address, Quebec, will always find me. The only special point I
+would ask correspondents to remember is that even the best
+recommendations must be adapted to the peculiarities of the Labrador
+problem, which is new, strange, immense, and full of complex human
+factors.
+
+Perhaps I might be allowed to explain that I speak simply as a
+Canadian. I am not connected with any of the material interests
+concerned. I do not even belong to a Fish and Game club. My only
+object is to prove, from verifiable facts, that animal life in
+Labrador is being recklessly and wantonly squandered, that this is
+detrimental to everyone except the get-rich-quickly people who are
+ready to destroy any natural resources forever in order to reap an
+immediate and selfish advantage, that sanctuaries will better
+conditions in every way, and that the ultimate benefit to Canada--both
+in a material and a higher sense--will repay the small present expense
+required, over and over again. And this repayment need not be long
+deferred. I can show that once the public grasps the issues at stake
+it will supply enough petitioners to move any government based on
+popular support, and that the scheme itself will supply enough money
+to make the sanctuaries a national asset of the most paying kind, and
+enough higher human interest to make them priceless as a possession
+for ourselves and a heritage for all who come after.
+
+If, Sir, you would allow me to make one more preliminary explanation,
+I should like to say that I have purposely left out all the usual
+array of statistics. I have, of course, examined them carefully
+myself, and based my arguments upon them. But I have excluded them
+from my text because they would have made an already long paper unduly
+longer, and because they are perfectly accessible to every member of
+the Commission which I have the honour of addressing to-night.
+
+
+SANCTUARIES.
+
+A sanctuary may be defined as a place where Man is passive and the
+rest of Nature active. Till quite recently Nature had her own
+sanctuaries, where man either did not go at all or only as a
+tool-using animal in comparatively small numbers. But now, in this
+machinery age, there is no place left where man cannot go with
+overwhelming forces at his command. He can strangle to death all the
+nobler wild life in the world to-day. To-morrow he certainly will have
+done so, unless he exercises due foresight and self-control in the
+mean time. There is not the slightest doubt that birds and mammals are
+now being killed off much faster than they can breed. And it is always
+the largest and noblest forms of life that suffer most. The whales and
+elephants, lions and eagles, go. The rats and flies, and all mean
+parasites, remain. This is inevitable in certain cases. But it is
+wanton killing off that I am speaking of to-night. Civilized man
+begins by destroying the very forms of wild life he learns to
+appreciate most when he becomes still more civilized. The obvious
+remedy is to begin conservation at an earlier stage, when it is
+easier and better in every way, by enforcing laws for close seasons,
+game preserves, the selective protection of certain species, and
+sanctuaries. I have just defined a sanctuary as a place where man is
+passive and the rest of Nature active. But this general definition is
+too absolute for any special case. The mere fact that man has to
+protect a sanctuary does away with his purely passive attitude. Then,
+he can be beneficially active by destroying pests and parasites, like
+bot-flies or mosquitoes, and by finding antidotes for diseases like
+the epidemic which periodically kills off the rabbits and thus starves
+many of the carnivora to death. But, except in cases where experiment
+has proved his intervention to be beneficial, the less he upsets the
+balance of Nature the better, even when he tries to be an earthly
+Providence.
+
+In itself a sanctuary is a kind of wild "zoo," on a gigantic scale and
+under ideal conditions. As such, it appeals to everyone interested in
+animals, from the greatest zoologist to the mere holiday tourist.
+Before concluding I shall give facts to show how well worth while it
+would be to establish sanctuaries, even if there were no other people
+to enjoy the benefits. Yet the strongest of all arguments is that
+sanctuaries, far from conflicting with other interests, actually
+further them. But unless we make these sanctuaries soon we shall be
+infamous forever, as the one generation which defrauded posterity of
+all the preservable wild life that Nature took a million years to
+evolve into its present beautiful perfection. Only a certain amount of
+animal life can exist in a certain area. The surplus must go outside.
+So sanctuaries are more than wild "zoos", they are overflowing
+reservoirs, fed by their own springs, and feeding streams of life at
+every outlet. They serve not only those interested in animal life, but
+those legitimately interested in animal death, for business, sport or
+food. I might mention many instances of successful sanctuaries,
+permanent or temporary, absolute or modified--the Algonquin, Rocky
+Mountains, Yoho, Glacier, Jasper and Laurentides in Canada; the
+Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Cañon, Olympus and Superior in the United
+States; with the sea-lions of California, the wonderful revival of
+ibex in Spain and deer in Maine and New Brunswick, the great preserves
+in Uganda, India and Ceylon, the selective work of Baron von Berlepsch
+in Germany, the curious result of taboo protection up the Nelson
+river, and the effects on seafowl in cases as far apart in time and
+space as the guano islands under the Incas of Peru, Gardiner island in
+the United States or the Bass rock off the coast of Scotland.
+
+Yet I do not ignore the difficulties. First, there is the universal
+difficulty of introducing or enforcing laws where there have been no
+operative laws before. Next, there is the difficulty of arousing
+public opinion on any subject, however worthy, which requires both
+insight and foresight. Then, we must remember that protected species
+increasing beyond their special means of subsistence have to seek
+other kinds of food, sometimes with unfortunate results. And then
+there are the several special difficulties connected with Labrador.
+There are three British governments concerned--Newfoundland, the
+Dominion and the province of Quebec. There are French and American
+fishermen along the shore. The proper protection of some migratory
+species will require co-operation with the United States, perhaps with
+Mexico and South America for certain birds, and even with Denmark for
+the Greenland seal. Then, there are the Indians, the whole trade in
+animal products, the necessity of not interfering with any legitimate
+development, and the question of immediate expense, however small, for
+a deferred benefit, however great and near at hand. And, finally, we
+must remember that scientific knowledge is not by any means adequate
+to deal with all the factors of the problem at once.
+
+
+LABRADOR
+
+But in spite of all these and many other difficulties, I firmly
+believe that Labrador is by far the best country in the world for the
+best kinds of sanctuary. The first time you're on a lee shore there,
+in a full gale, you may well be excused for shrinking back from the
+wild white line of devouring breakers. But when you actually make for
+them you find the coast opening into archipelagoes of islands, to let
+you safely through into the snug little "tickles," between island and
+mainland, where you can ride out the storm as well as you could in a
+landlocked harbour. This is typical of many another pleasant surprise.
+Labrador decidedly improves on acquaintance. The fogs have been
+grossly exaggerated. The Atlantic seaboard is clearer than the British
+Isles, which, by the way, lie in exactly the same latitudes. And the
+Gulf is far clearer than New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Banks. The
+climate is exceptionally healthy, the air a most invigorating tonic,
+and the cold no greater than in many a civilized northern land.
+Besides, there is a considerable range of temperatures in a country
+whose extreme north and south lie 1,000 miles apart, one in the
+latitude of Greenland, the other in that of Paris. Taking the Labrador
+peninsula geographically, as including the whole area east of a line
+run up the Saguenay and on from lake St. John to James bay, it
+comprises 560,000 square miles--eleven Englands! The actual residents
+hardly number 20,000. About twice as many outsiders appear off the
+coasts at certain seasons. So it would take a tenfold increase, afloat
+and ashore, to make one human being to each square mile of land. But,
+all the same, wild life needs conservation there, and needs it badly,
+as we shall presently see.
+
+Most of Labrador is a rocky tableland, still rising from the depths,
+with some old beaches as much as 1,500 feet above the present level of
+the sea. The St. Lawrence seaboard is famous for its rivers and
+forests. The Atlantic seaboard has the same myriads of islands, is
+magnificently bold, is pierced by fiords unexcelled in Norway, and
+crowned by mountains higher than any others east of the Rockies.
+Hamilton inlet runs in 150 miles. At Ramah the cliffs rise sheer three
+thousand five hundred feet and more. The Four peaks, still untrodden
+by the foot of man, rise more than twice as high again. And the
+colouration, of every splendid hue, adds beauty to the grandeur of the
+scene. Inland, there are lakes up to 100 miles long, big rivers by the
+score, deep canyons and foaming rapids--to say nothing of the
+countless waterfalls, of which the greatest equals two Niagaras. This
+vast country is accessible by sea on three sides, and will soon be
+accessible by land on the fourth. It lies directly half-way between
+Great Britain and our own North West and is 1,000 miles nearer London
+than New York is. Its timber, mines and water-power will be
+increasingly exploited. It should also become increasingly attractive
+to the best type of tourist, naturalist and sportsman. But supposing
+all this does happen. The mines, water-powers and lumbering will only
+create small towns and villages. There will surely be some
+conservation to have the forests used and not abused especially by
+fire: and the white man should remember that he is the worst of all in
+turning a land from green to black. Except in the southwest and a few
+isolated spots, the country cannot be farmed. At the same time, the
+urban population must have communications with the outside world, by
+which regular supplies can come in. This will make the settlers
+independent of wild life for necessary food; and wild life, in any
+case, would be too precarious if exploited in the usual way. The
+traders in wild-animal products, as well as the naturalists, sportsmen
+and tourists, are interested in keeping the rest of the country well
+stocked. So that, one way and another, the human and wild-animal life
+will not conflict, as they do where farming creates a widespread rural
+population, or wanton destruction of forests ruins land and water, and
+human and animal life have to suffer for it afterwards. All the
+different places required for business spheres of influence in the
+near future, added to all the business spheres of the present, can
+hardly exceed the area of one whole England, especially if all
+suitable areas are not thrown open simultaneously to lumbering, at the
+risk of the usual bad results. So there will remain ten other
+Englands, admirably fitted, in all respects, to grow wild life in the
+most beneficial abundance, and quite able to do so indefinitely, if a
+reasonable amount of general protection is combined with well-situated
+sanctuaries.
+
+The fauna is much more richly varied than people who think of
+Labrador as nothing but an arctic barren are inclined to suppose. The
+fisheries have been known for centuries, especially the cod, which has
+a prerogative right to the simple word "fish." There are herring and
+lobsters in the Gulf, plenty of salmon and trout in most of the
+rivers, winninish in all the tributary waters of the Hamilton, as well
+as in lake St. John, whitefish in the lakes, and so forth. Then, the
+stone-carrying chub is one of the most interesting creatures in the
+world.... But the fish and fisheries have problems of their own too
+great for incidental treatment; and I shall pass on to the birds and
+mammals.
+
+Yet I must not forget the "flies"--who that has felt them once can
+ever forget them? Labrador is not a very happy hunting-ground for the
+entomologist. But all it lacks in variety of kinds it more than makes
+up in number of individuals, especially in the detestable trio of
+bot-flies, blackflies and mosquitoes. The bot-fly infests the caribou
+and will probably infest the reindeer. The blackfly and mosquito
+attack both man and beast in maddening millions. The mosquito is not
+malarious. But that is the only bad thing he is not. Destruction is
+"conservation" so far as "flies," parasites and disease germs are
+concerned.
+
+Labrador has over 200 species of birds, from humming-birds and
+sanderlings to eagles, gannets, loons and herons. Among those able to
+hold their own, with proper encouragement, are the following: two
+loons, two murres, the puffin, guillemot, razor-billed auk, dovekie
+and pomarine jæger; six gulls--ivory, kittiwake, glaucous, great
+black-back, herring and Bonaparte; two terns--arctic and common; the
+fulmar, two shearwaters, two cormorants, the red-breasted merganser
+and the gannet; seven ducks--the black, golden-eye, old squaw and
+harlequin, with the American, king and Greenland eiders; three
+scoters; four geese--snow, blue, brant and Canada; two phalaropes,
+several sandpipers, with the Hudsonian godwit and both yellowlegs; two
+snipes; five plovers; and the Eskimo and Hudsonian curlews. These two
+curlews should be absolutely closed to all shooting everywhere for
+several seasons. They are on the verge of extinction; and it may even
+now be too late to save them. The great blue heron and American
+bittern are not common, but less rare than they are supposed to be.
+Except for the willow and rock ptarmigans the land game-birds are not
+many in kind or numbers. There are a fair number of ruffed grouse in
+the south, and more spruce grouse in the north. The birds of prey are
+well represented by a few golden and more bald-headed eagles, the
+American rough-legged and other hawks, the black and the white
+gyrfalcons, the osprey, and eight owls, including the great horned
+owl, the boldest bird of all. The raven is widely distributed all the
+year round. Several woodpeckers, kingfishers, jays, bluebird,
+kingbird, chickadee, snow bunting; several sparrows, including,
+fortunately, the white-crowned, white-throat and song, but now,
+unfortunately, the English as well. There are blackbirds, red-polls, a
+dozen warblers, the American robin, hermit thrush and ruby-throated
+humming-bird.
+
+Both the land and sea mammals are of great importance. Several whales
+are well known. The Right is almost exterminated; but the Greenland,
+or Bow-head, is found along the edge of the ice in all Hudsonian
+waters. The Pollock is rare, and the Sperm, or Cachalot, as nearly
+exterminated as the Right. But the Little-piked, or _rostrata_, is
+found inshore along the north and east, the Bottle-nose on the north,
+the Humpback on the east and south; and the Finback and Sulphur-bottom
+are common and widely distributed, especially on the east. The Little
+White whale, or "White porpoise," is fairly common all round; the
+Killer is widely distributed, but most numerous on the east, where the
+Narwhal is also found. The Harbour and Striped porpoises, and the
+Common and Bottle-nosed dolphins, are chiefly on the east and south.
+There are six Seals--the Harbour, Ringed, Harp, Bearded, Grey and
+Hooded. The Harbour seal is also called the "Common" and the "Wise"
+seal, and is the _vitulina_ of zoology. It is common all round the
+coasts, and the Indians of the interior assert that many live
+permanently in the lakes. Big and Little Seal lakes are more than 100
+miles from the nearest salt water. The Ringed seal is locally called
+"floe rat" and "gum seal." It is the smallest and least valuable of
+all, and fairly common all round. The Harp seal is "seal," in the same
+way as cod is "fish." It has various local names, five among the
+French-Canadians alone, but is specifically known as the Greenland
+seal. The young, immediately after birth, have a fine white coat,
+which makes them valuable. The herds are followed on a large scale at
+the end of the winter season, which is also the whelping season, and
+hundreds of thousands are killed, females and young preponderating.
+They are still common along the east and south, but diminishing
+steadily, especially in the St. Lawrence. The Bearded, or
+"Square-flipper," seal is rare in the St. Lawrence and on the
+Atlantic, but commoner in Hudsonian waters. It is a large seal, eight
+feet long, and bulky in proportion. The Grey, or Horse-head, seal
+runs up to about the same size occasionally and is one of the gamest
+animals that swims. It is rare on the Atlantic and not common anywhere
+on the St. Lawrence. The "Hoods" are the largest of all and the lions
+of the lot. They run up to 1,000 pounds and over, and sometimes
+fourteen feet long. They are rare on the Atlantic and decreasing along
+the St. Lawrence, owing to the Newfoundland hunters. The Walrus,
+formerly abundant all round, is now rarely seen except in the far
+north, where he is fast decreasing.
+
+Moose may feel their way in by the southwest to an increasing extent,
+and might possibly be reinforced by the Alaskan variety. Red deer
+might possibly be induced to enter by the same way in fair numbers
+over a limited area. The woodland caribou is almost exterminated, but
+might be resuscitated. The barren-ground caribou is still plentiful in
+the north, where most of the herds appear to migrate in an immense
+ellipse, crossing from west to east, over the barrens, in the fall, to
+the Atlantic, and then turning south and west through the woods in
+winter, till they reach their original starting-point near Hudson bay
+in the spring. But this is not to be counted on. The herds divide,
+change direction, and linger in different places. Their tame brother,
+the reindeer, is being introduced as the chief domestic animal of
+Eastern Labrador, with apparently every prospect of success. Beaver
+are fairly common and widely distributed in forested areas. Other
+rodents are frequent--squirrels, musk-rats, mice, voles, lemmings,
+hares and porcupines. There are two bats. Black bears are general;
+polars, in the north. Grizzlies have been traded at Fort Chimo in
+Ungava, but they are probably all killed out. The lynx is common
+wherever there are woods. There are two wolves, arctic and timber, the
+latter now rare in the south. The Labrador red fox is very common in
+the woods, and the "white," or arctic fox, in the barrens and further
+south on both coasts. The "cross," "silver" and "black" variations of
+course occur, as they naturally increase towards the northern limits
+of range. The "blue" is a seasonal change of the "white." The
+wolverine and otter are common. The skunk is only known in the
+southwest. The mink ranges through the southern third of the
+peninsula. The Labrador marten, or "sable," is a sub-species,
+generally distributed in the forested parts, like the weasel. The
+"fisher," or Pennant's marten, is much more local, ranging only
+between the "North Shore" and Mistassini.
+
+From the St. Lawrence to the Barren Grounds three-fourths of the land
+has been burnt over since the white man came. The resultant loss of
+all forms of life may be imagined, especially when we remember that
+the fire often burns up the very soil itself, leaving nothing but
+rocks and black desolation. Still, there is plenty of fur and feather
+worth preserving. But nothing can save it unless conservation replaces
+the present reckless destruction.
+
+
+DESTRUCTION
+
+When rich virgin soil is first farmed it yields a maximum harvest for
+a minimum of human care. But presently it begins to fail, and will
+fail altogether unless man returns to it in one form some of the
+richness he expects to get from it in another. Now, exploited wild
+life fails even faster under wasteful treatment; but, on the other
+hand, with hardly any of the trouble required for continuous farming,
+quickly recovers itself by being simply let alone. So when we consider
+how easily it can be preserved in Labrador, and how beneficial its
+preservation is to all concerned, we can understand how the wanton
+destruction going on there is quite as idiotic as it is wrong.
+
+Take "egging" as an example. The Indians, Eskimos and other beasts of
+prey merely preserved the balance of nature by the toll they used to
+take. No beast of prey, not even the white man, will destroy his own
+stock supply of food. But with the nineteenth century came the
+white-man market "eggers", systematically taking or destroying every
+egg in every place they visited. Halifax, Quebec and other towns were
+centres of the trade. The "eggers" increased in numbers and
+thoroughness till the eggs decreased in the more accessible spots
+below paying quantities. But other egging still goes on unchecked. The
+game laws of the province of Quebec distinctly state: "It is forbidden
+to take nests or eggs of wild birds at any time". But the swarms of
+fishermen who come up the north shore of the St. Lawrence egg wherever
+they go. If they are only to stay in the same spot for a day or two,
+they gather all the eggs they can, put them into water, and throw away
+every one that floats. Sometimes three, four, five or even ten times
+as many are thrown away as are kept, and all those bird lives lost for
+nothing. Worse still, if the men are going to stay long enough they
+will often go round the nests and make sure of smashing every single
+egg. Then they come back in a few days and gather every single egg,
+because they know it has been laid in the mean time and must be
+fresh. When we remember how many thousands of men visit the shore, and
+that the resident population eggs on its own account, at least as high
+up as the Pilgrims, only 100 miles from Quebec, we need not be
+prophets to foresee the inevitable end of all bird life when subjected
+to such a drain. And this is on the St. Lawrence, where there are laws
+and wardens and fewer fishermen. What about the Atlantic Labrador,
+where there are no laws, no wardens, many more fishermen, and ruthless
+competitive egging between the residents and visitors? Of course,
+where people must egg or starve there is nothing more to be said. But
+this sort of egging is very limited, not enough to destroy the birds,
+and the necessity for it will become less frequent as other sources of
+supply become available. It is the utterly wanton destruction that is
+the real trouble.
+
+And it is just as bad with the birds as with the eggs. A schooner
+captain says, "Now, boys, here's your butcher shop: help yourselves!"
+and this, remember, is in the brooding season. Not long ago the men
+from a vessel in Cross harbour landed on an islet full of eiders and
+killed every single brooding mother. Such men have grown up to this,
+and there is that amount of excuse for them. Besides, they ate the
+birds, though they destroyed the broods. Yet, as they always say, "We
+don't know no law here," it may be suspected that they do know there
+really is one. These men do a partly excusable wrong. But what about
+those who ought to know better? In the summer of 1907 an American
+millionaire's yacht landed a party who shot as many brooding birds on
+St. Mary island as they chose, and then left the bodies to rot and
+the broods to perish. That was, presumably, for sport. For the same
+kind of sport, motor boats cut circles round diving birds, drown them,
+and let the bodies float away. The North Shore people have drowned
+myriads of moulting scoters in August; but they use the meat. Bestial
+forms of sport are many and vile. "C'est un plaisir superbe" was the
+description given by some voyageurs on exploring work, who had spent
+the afternoon chasing young birds about the rocks and stamping them to
+death. Deer were literally hacked to pieces by construction gangs on
+new lines last summer. Dynamiting a stream is quite a common trick
+wherever it is safe to play it. Harbour seals are wantonly shot in
+deep fresh water where they cannot be recovered, much as seagulls are
+shot by blackguards from an ocean liner.
+
+And the worst of it is that all this wanton destruction is not by any
+means confined to the ignorant or those who have been brought up to
+it. The men from the American yacht must have known better. So do
+those educated men from our own cities, who shoot out of season down
+the St. Lawrence and plead, quite falsely, that there is no game law
+below the Brandy Pots. It is, of course, well understood that a man
+can always shoot for necessary food. But this provision is shamelessly
+misused. Last summer, when a great employer of labour down the Gulf
+was telling where birds could be shot to the greatest advantage out of
+season, and I was objecting that it was not clean sport, he said, "Oh,
+but Indians can shoot for food at any time--_and we're all Indians
+here!"_ And what are we to think of a rich man who used caribou simply
+as targets for his new rifle, and a scientific man who killed 72 in
+one morning, only to make a record? We need the true ideal of sport
+and an altogether new ideal of conservation, and we need them very
+badly and very soon.
+
+We have had our warnings. The great auk and the Labrador duck have
+both become utterly extinct within living memory. The Eskimo curlew is
+decreasing to the danger point, and the Yellowlegs is following. The
+lobster fishing is being wastefully conducted along the St. Lawrence;
+so, indeed, are the other fisheries. Whales are diminishing: the Cape
+Charles and Hawke Harbour establishments are running, but those at
+L'Anse au Loup and Seven islands are not. The whole whaling industry
+is disappearing all over the world before the uncontrolled persecution
+of the new steam whalers. The walrus is exterminated everywhere in
+Labrador except in the north. The seals are diminishing. Every year
+the hunters are better supplied with better implements of butchery.
+The catch is numbered by the hundreds of thousands, and this only for
+one fleet in one place at one season, when the Newfoundlanders come up
+the St. Lawrence at the end of the winter. The woodland caribou has
+been killed off to such an extent as to cause both Indians and wolves
+to die off with him. The barren-ground caribou is still plentiful,
+though decreasing. The dying out of so many Indians before the time of
+the Low and Eaton expedition of 1893-4 led to an increase of
+fur-bearing animals. But renewed, improved, increased and uncontrolled
+trapping has now reduced them below their former level. Hunting for
+the market seems to be going round in a vicious circle, always
+narrowing in on the quarry, which must ultimately be strangled to
+death. The white man comes in with better equipment, more systematic
+methods and often a "get-rich-and-get-out" idea that never entered a
+native head. The Indian has to go further afield. The white follows.
+Their prey shrinks back in diminishing numbers before them both.
+Prices go up. The hunt becomes keener, the animals fewer and farther
+off. Presently hunters and hunted will reach the far side of the
+utmost limits. And then traded, traders and trade will all disappear
+together. And it might so well be otherwise.
+
+There is another point that should never be passed over. In these days
+the public conscience is beginning to realize that the objection to
+man's cruelty towards his other fellow-beings is something more than a
+fad or a fancy. And wanton slaughter is very apt to be accompanied by
+shameless cruelty. To kill off parents when the young are helpless....
+But I have already given enough sickening details of this. The
+treatment of the adults is almost worse in many typical cases. An
+Indian will skin a hare alive and gloat over his quivering
+death-agonies. The excuse is, "white man have fun, Indian have fun,
+too." And it is a valid excuse, from one point of view. When "there's
+nothing in caribou" except the value of the tongue, the tongue has
+been cut out of the living deer, whose only other value is considered
+to be the amusement afforded by his horrible fate. And, fiendish
+cruelty like this is not confined to the outer wilds. When some
+civilized English-speaking bird-catchers get a bird they do not want,
+they will deliberately wrench its bill apart, so that it must die of
+lingering starvation. Sometimes the cruelty is done to man himself.
+Not so many years ago some whalers secured a lot of walrus hides and
+tusks by having a whole herd of walrus wiped out, in spite of the fact
+that these animals were, at that very time, known to be the only food
+available for a neighbouring tribe of Eskimos. The Eskimos were
+starved to death, every soul among them, as the Government explorers
+found out. But Eskimos have no votes and never write to the papers;
+while walrus hides were booming in the markets of civilization.
+
+Things like these are not much spoken of. They very rarely appear in
+print. And when they are mentioned at all it is generally with an
+apology for introducing unpleasant details. But I am sure I need not
+apologize to gentlemen who are anxious to know the full truth of this
+great question, who cannot fail to see the connection between wanton
+destruction and revolting cruelty, and who must be as ready to rouse
+the moral conscience of our people against the cruelty as they are to
+rouse its awakening sense of conservation against the destruction.
+
+
+CONSERVATION
+
+All the sound reasons ever given for conserving other natural
+resources apply to the conservation of wild life--and with three-fold
+power. When a spend-thrift squanders his capital it is lost to him and
+his heirs; yet it goes somewhere else. When a nation allows any one
+kind of natural resource to be squandered it must suffer a real,
+positive loss; yet substitutes of another kind can generally be found.
+But when wild life is squandered it does not go elsewhere, like
+squandered money; it cannot possibly be replaced by any substitute, as
+some inorganic resources are: it is simply an absolute, dead loss,
+gone beyond even the hope of recall.
+
+Now, we have seen verifiable facts enough to prove that Labrador, out
+of its total area of eleven Englands, is not likely to be
+advantageously exploitable over much more than the area of one England
+for other purposes than the growth and harvesting of wild life by land
+and water. How are these ten Englands to be brought under
+conservation, before it is too late, in the best interests of the five
+chief classes of people who are concerned already or will be soon? Of
+course, the same individual may belong to more than one class. I
+merely use these divisions to make sure of considering all sides of
+the question. The five great interests are those of--1. Food. 2.
+Business. 3. The Indians and Eskimos. 4. Sport, and 5. The
+Zoophilists, by which I mean all people interested in wild-animal
+life, from zoologists to tourists.
+
+1. FOOD.--The resident population is so sparse that there is not one
+person for every 20,000 acres; and most of these people live on the
+coast. Consequently, the vast interior could not be used for food
+supplies in any case. Besides, ever since the white man occupied the
+coast, the immediate hinterland, which used to be full of life, has
+become more and more barren. Fish is plentiful enough. A few small
+crops of common vegetables could be grown in many places, and outside
+supplies are becoming more available. So the toll of birds and mammals
+taken by the present genuine residents for necessary food is not a
+menace, if taken in reason. In isolated places in the Gulf, like
+Harrington, the Provincial law might safely be relaxed, so as to allow
+the eggs of ducks and gulls to be taken up to the 5th of June and
+those of murres, auks and puffins up to the 15th. Flight birds might
+also be shot at any time on the outside capes and islands. There is a
+local unwritten law down there--"No guns inside, after the 1st of
+June"--and it has been kept for twenty years. Similar relaxations
+might be allowed in other places, in genuine cases of necessity. But
+the egging and out-of-season slaughter done by people, resident or
+not, who are in touch with the outside world, should be stopped
+absolutely. And the few walrus now required as food by the few
+out-living Eskimos should be strictly protected. Of course, killing
+for food under real stress of need at any time or place goes without
+saying. The real and spurious cases will soon be discriminated by any
+proper system.
+
+2. BUSINESS.--Business is done in fish, whales, seals, fur, game,
+plumage and eggs. The fish are a problem apart. But it is worth noting
+that uncontrolled exploitation is beginning to affect even their
+countless numbers in certain places. Whales have always been exploited
+indiscriminately, and their wide range outside of territorial waters
+adds to the difficulties of any regulation. But some seasonal and
+sanctuary protection is necessary to prevent their becoming extinct.
+The "white porpoise" could have its young protected; and whaling
+stations afford means of inspection and consequent control. The only
+chance at present is that when whales become too scarce to pay they
+are let alone, and may revive a little. The seals can be protected
+locally and ought to be. The preponderance of females and young killed
+in the whelping season is a drain impossible for them to withstand
+under modern conditions of slaughter. The difficulty of policing large
+areas simultaneously might be compensated for by special sanctuaries.
+The Americans are protecting their seals by restrictions on the
+numbers, ages and sex of those killed; and doing so successfully. The
+fur trade is open to the same sort of wise restriction, when
+necessary, to the protection of wild fur by the breeding of tame, as
+in the fox farms, and to the benefits of sanctuaries. Marketable game,
+plumage and eggs can be regulated at out ports and markets. And the
+extension of suitable laws to non-game animals, coupled with the
+establishment of sanctuaries, would soon improve conditions all round,
+especially in the interest of business itself. No one wants his
+business to be destroyed. But if Labrador is left without control
+indefinitely every business dealing with the products of wild life
+will be obliged to play the suicidal game of competitive grab till the
+last source of supply is exhausted, and capital, income and employment
+all go together.
+
+3. INDIANS AND ESKIMOS.--The Eskimos are few and mostly localized. The
+Indians stand to gain by anything that will keep the fur trade in full
+vigour, as they are mostly hunters and trappers. Restriction on the
+number of skins, if that should prove necessary, and certainly on the
+sale of all poisons, could be made operative. Strychnine is said to
+kill animals eating the carcases even so far as to the seventh remove.
+Close seasons and sanctuaries are difficult to enforce with all
+Indians. But the registration of trappers, the enforcement of laws,
+the employment of Indians as guides for sportsmen, and other means,
+would have a salutary effect. The full-bloods, unfortunately, do not
+take kindly to guiding. Indians wishing to change their way of life or
+proving persistent lawbreakers might be hived in reserves with their
+wives and families. The reserves themselves would cost nothing, the
+Indians could find employment as other Indians have, and the expense
+of establishing would be a bagatelle. As a matter of fact, in spite of
+all the bad bargains having always been on the Indian side when sales
+and treaties were made with the whites, there is enough money to the
+credit of the Indians in the hands of the Government to establish a
+dozen hives and keep the people in them as idle as drones on the mere
+interest of it. But good hunting grounds are better than good hives.
+
+4. SPORT.--Sport should have a great future in Labrador. Inland game
+birds, except ptarmigan, are the only kind of which there is never
+likely to be a great abundance, owing to the natural scarcity of their
+food. But, besides the big game on land and game birds on the coast,
+there are some unusual forms of sport appealing to adventurous
+natures. Harpooning the little white whale by hand in a North Shore
+canoe, or shooting the largest and gamest of all the seals--the great
+"hood"--also out of a canoe, requires enough skill and courage to make
+success its own reward. The extension and enforcement of proper game
+laws would benefit sport directly, while indirectly benefitting all
+the other interests.
+
+5. ZOOPHILISTS.--The zoophilist class seems only in place as an
+afterthought. But I am convinced that it will soon become of at least
+equal importance with any other. All the people, from zoologists to
+tourists, who are drawn to such places by the attraction of seeing
+animal life in its own surroundings, already form an immense class in
+every community. And it is a rapidly increasing class. Could we do
+posterity any greater injury than by destroying the ten Englands of
+glorious wild life in Labrador, just at the very time when our own and
+other publics are beginning to appreciate the value of the appeal
+which such haunts of Nature make to all the highest faculties of
+civilized man?
+
+The way can be made clear by scientific study. The laws can be drawn
+up by any intelligent legislators, and enforced quite as efficiently
+as other laws have been by the Mounted Police in the North West. The
+expense will be small, the benefits great and widely felt. The only
+real hitch is the uninformed and therefore apathetic state of public
+opinion. If people only knew that Labrador contained a hundred
+Saguenays, wild zoos, Thousand Islands, fiords, palisades, sea
+mountains, cañons, great lakes and waterfalls, if they only knew that
+they could get the enjoyment of it for a song, and make it an heirloom
+for no more trouble than letting it live, they might do all that is
+needed to-morrow. But they don't know. And the three Governments
+cannot do much without the support of public opinion. At present they
+do practically nothing. The Ungavan Labrador has neither organization
+nor laws. The Newfoundland Labrador has organization but no laws. And
+the Quebec Labrador has laws but no observance of them.
+
+However, Quebec has laws, which are something, legislators who have
+made the laws, and leaders who have introduced them. The trouble is
+that the public generally has no sense of responsibility in the matter
+of enforcement. It still has a hazy idea that Nature has an
+overflowing sanctuary of her own, somewhere or other, which will fill
+up the gaps automatically. The result is that poaching is commonly
+regarded as a venial offence, poachers taken red-handed are rarely
+punished, and willing ears are always lent to the cry that rich
+sportsmen are trying to take the bread out of the poor settler's
+mouth. The poor settler does not reflect that he himself, and all
+other classes alike, really have a common interest in the conservation
+of any wild life that does not conflict with legitimate human
+development. There is some just cause of complaint that the big-game
+reserves are hampering the peasants in parts of India and the settlers
+and natives in parts of Uganda. But no such complaint can be raised
+against the Laurentide National Park, so wisely established by the
+Quebec Government. The worst of it is that many of the richer people
+set the example in law-breaking. The numbers of big game allowed are
+exceeded, out-of-season shooting goes on, and both out-of-season and
+forbidden game is sold in the markets and served at the dinner tables
+of the very class who should be first in protecting it.
+
+Partly because Quebec has taken the lead in legislation, and partly
+because an ideal site is ready to hand under its jurisdiction, I would
+venture to suggest the immediate establishment of an absolute
+sanctuary for all wild birds and mammals along as much of the coast as
+possible on either side of cape Whittle. The best place of all to keep
+is from cape Whittle eastward to cape Mekattina, 64 miles in a
+straight line by sea. The 45 miles from cape Mekattina eastward to
+Shekatika bay are probably the next best; and, next, the 35 from cape
+Whittle westward to Cloudberry point. As there are 800 miles between
+Quebec and the Strait, I am only proposing to make from one-tenth to
+one-fifth of them into a sanctuary. And this part is the least fitted
+for other purposes, except sea-fishing, which would not be restricted
+at all, the least inhabited, and the most likely to succeed as a
+sanctuary, especially for birds.
+
+Cape Whittle is 550 miles below Quebec, 70 below Natashkwan, which is
+the last port of call for the mail boats, and 50 below Kegashka, the
+last green spot along the shore. It faces cape Gregory, near the bay
+of Islands in Newfoundland, 130 miles across; and is almost as far
+from the north-east point of Anticosti. It is a great landmark for
+coasting vessels, and for the seal herds as well. A refuge for seals
+is absolutely necessary to preserve their numbers and the business
+connected with them. Of course, I know there is a feeling that, if
+they are going to disappear, the best thing to do is to exploit them
+to the utmost in the meanwhile, so as to snatch every present
+advantage, regardless of consequences. But is this business, sense, or
+conservation? Even if any restriction in the way of numbers, sex, age
+or season should be imposed on seal hunting, a small sanctuary cannot
+but be beneficial. While, if there is no other protection, a sanctuary
+is a _sine qua non_. It is possible that some protection might also be
+afforded to the whales that hug the shore.
+
+The case of the birds is quite as strong, and the chance of protection
+by this sanctuary much greater. With the exception of the limited
+egging and shooting for the necessary food of the few residents--the
+whole district of Mekattina contained only 213 people at the last
+census--not an egg nor a bird should be touched at all. The birds soon
+find out where they are well off, and their increase will recruit the
+whole river and gulf. A few outlying bird sanctuaries should be
+established in connection with this one, which might be called the
+Harrington Sanctuary, as Harrington is a well-known telegraph station,
+a central point between cape Whittle and Mekattina, and it enjoys a
+name that can be easily pronounced. In the Gulf the Bird rocks and
+Bonaventure island to the south; one of the Mingan islands, the
+Perroquets and Egg island to the north; with the Pilgrims, up the
+River, above the Saguenay and off the South Shore, are the best. The
+Pilgrims, 700 miles from the Atlantic, are probably the furthest
+inland point in the world where the eider breeds. They would make an
+ideal seabird sanctuary. On the Atlantic Labrador there are plenty of
+suitable islands from which to choose two or three sanctuaries,
+between Hamilton inlet and Ramah. The east coast of Hudson bay is full
+of islands from which two corresponding sanctuaries might be selected,
+one in the neighbourhood of the Portland promontory and the other in
+the southeast corner of James bay.
+
+There is the further question--affecting all migratory animals, but
+especially birds--of making international agreements for their
+protection. There are precedents for this, both in the Old World and
+in the New. And, so far as the United States are concerned, there
+should be no great difficulty. True, they have set us some lamentable
+examples of wanton destruction. But they have also set us some noble
+examples of conservation. And we have good friends at court, in the
+members of the New York Zoological, the Audubon and other societies,
+in Mr. Roosevelt, himself an ardent conserver of wild life, and in Mr.
+Bryce, who is an ex-president of the Alpine Club and a devoted lover
+of nature. Immediate steps should be taken to link our own bird
+sanctuaries with the splendid American chain of them which runs round
+the Gulf of Mexico and up the Atlantic coast to within easy reach of
+the boundary line. Corresponding international chains up the
+Mississippi and along the Pacific would be of immense benefit to all
+species, and more particularly to those unfortunate ones which are
+forced to migrate down along the shore and back by the middle of the
+continent, thus running the deadly gauntlet both by land and sea.
+
+Inland sanctuaries are more difficult to choose and manage. A deer
+sanctuary might answer near James bay. Fur sanctuaries must also be in
+some fairly accessible places, on the seaward sides of the various
+heights-of-land, and not too far in. The evergreen stretches of the
+Eastmain river have several favourable spots. What is needed most is
+an immediate examination by a trained zoologist. The existing
+information should be brought together and carefully digested for him
+in advance. There are the Dominion, Provincial and Newfoundland
+official reports; the Hudson Bay Company, the Moravian missionaries;
+Dr. Robert Bell, Mr. A.P. Low, Mr. D.I.V. Eaton, Dr. Grenfell, Dr.
+Hare, Mr. Napoléon Comeau, not to mention previous writers, like
+Packard, McLean and Cartwright--a whole host of original authorities.
+But their work has never been thoroughly co-ordinated from a
+zoological point of view. A form of sanctuary suggested for the
+fur-bearing Yukon is well worth considering. It consists in opening
+and closing the country by alternate sections, like crops and fallow
+land in farming. The Indians have followed this method for
+generations, dividing the family hunting grounds into three parts,
+hunting each in rotation, and always leaving enough to breed back the
+numbers. But the pressure of the grab-all policy from outside may
+become irresistible.
+
+The one great point to remember is that there is no time to lose in
+beginning conservation by protecting every species in at least two
+separate localities.
+
+A word as to the management and wardens. Two zoologists and twenty men
+afloat, and the same number ashore, could probably do the whole work,
+in connection with local wardens. This may seem utterly ridiculous as
+a police force to patrol ten Englands and three thousand miles of sea.
+But look at what the Royal North West Mounted Police have done over
+vast areas with a handful of men, and what has been effected in Maine,
+New Brunswick and Ontario. Once the public understands the question,
+and the governments mean business, the way of the transgressor will be
+so hard--between the wardens, zoologists and all the preventive
+machinery of modern administration--that it will no longer pay him to
+walk in it. Special precautions must be taken against that vilest of
+all inventions of diabolical ingenuity--the Maxim "silencer." No
+argument is needed to prove that silent firearms could not suit crime
+better if they were made expressly for it. The mere possession of any
+kind of "silencer" should constitute a most serious criminal offence.
+The right kind of warden will be forthcoming when he is really wanted
+and is properly backed up. I need not describe the wrong kind. We all
+know him, only too well.
+
+
+BENEFITS
+
+I am afraid I have already exceeded my allotted time. But, with your
+kind indulgence, Sir, I should like, in conclusion, simply to
+enumerate a few of the benefits certain to follow the introduction and
+enforcement of law and the establishment of sanctuaries.
+
+First, it cannot be denied that the constant breaking of the present
+law makes for bad citizenship, and that the observance of law will
+make for good. Next, though it is often said that what Canada needs
+most is development and not conservation, I think no one will deny
+that conservation is the best and most certainly productive form of
+development in the case before us. Then, I think we have here a really
+unique opportunity of effecting a reform that will unite and not
+divide all the legitimate interests concerned. What could appear to
+have less in common than electricity and sanctuaries? Yet electricity
+in Labrador requires water-power, which requires a steady flow, which
+requires a head-water forest, which, in its turn, is admirably fit to
+shelter wild life. Except for those who would selfishly and
+shortsightedly take all this wealth of wild life out of the world
+altogether, in one grasping generation, there is nobody who will not
+be the better for the change. I have talked with interested parties of
+every different kind, and always found them agree that conservation is
+the only thing to do--provided, as they invariably add, that it is
+done "straight" and "the same for all."
+
+Fourthly, a word as to sport. I have invoked the public conscience
+against wanton destruction and its inevitable accompaniment of
+cruelty. I know, further, that man is generally cruel and a bully
+towards other animals. And, as an extreme evolutionist, I believe all
+animals are alike in kind, however much they may differ in degree. But
+I don't think clean sport cruel. It does not add to the sum total of
+cruelty under present conditions. Wild animals shun pain and death as
+we do. But under Nature they never die what we call natural deaths.
+They starve or get killed. Moreover, town-bred humanitarians feel pain
+and death more than the simpler races of men, who, in their turn, feel
+it more than lower animals. A wild animal that has just escaped death
+will resume its occupation as if nothing had happened. The sportsman's
+clean kill is only an incident in the day's work, not anxiously
+apprehended like an operation or a battle. But pain and death are very
+real, all the same. So death should be inflicted as quickly as
+possible, even at the risk of losing the rest of one's bag. And, even
+beyond the reach of any laws, no animal should ever be killed in sport
+when its own death might entail the lingering death of its young. A
+sportsman who observes these rules instinctively, and who never kills
+what he cannot get and use, is not a cruel man. He certainly is a
+beast of prey. But so is the most delicate invalid woman when drinking
+a cup of beef tea. Sport has its use in the development of health and
+skill and courage. Its practice is one of life's eternal compromises.
+And the best thing we can do for it now is to make it clean. We have
+far too much of the other kind. The essential difference has never
+been more shrewdly put than in the caustic epigram, that there is the
+same difference between a sportsman and a "sport" as there is between
+a gentleman and a "gent." I believe that the enforcement of laws and
+the establishment of sanctuaries will raise our sport to a higher
+plane, reduce the suffering now inflicted when killing for business,
+and help in every way towards the conversion of the human into the
+humane. Besides, paradoxical as it may seem to some good people, the
+true sportsman has always proved to be one of the very best conservers
+of all wild life worth keeping. So there is a distinctly desirable
+benefit to be expected in this direction, as in every other.
+
+Finally, I return to my zoophilists, a vast but formless class of
+people, both in and outside of the other classes mentioned, and one
+which includes every man, woman and child with any fondness for wild
+life, from zoologists to tourists. There are higher considerations,
+never to be forgotten. But let me first press the point that there's
+money in the zoophilists--plenty of it. A gentleman, in whom you, Sir,
+and your whole Commission have the greatest confidence, and who was
+not particularly inexpert at the subject, made an under-valuation to
+the extent of no less than 75 per cent., when trying to estimate the
+amount of money made by the transportation companies directly out of
+travel to "Nature" places for sport, study, scenery and other kinds of
+outing. There is money in it now, millions of it; and there is going
+to be much more money in it later on. Civilized town-dwelling men,
+women and children are turning more and more to wild Nature for a
+holiday. And their interest in Nature is widening and deepening in
+proportion. I do not say this as a rhetorical flourish. I have taken
+particular pains to find out the actual growth of this interest, which
+is shown in ways as comprehensive as educational curricula, picture
+books for children, all sorts of "Animal" works, "zoos", museums,
+lectures, periodicals and advertisements; and I find all facts
+pointing the same way. The president of one of the greatest
+publishers' associations in the world told me, and without being
+asked, that the most marked and the steadiest development in the trade
+was in "Nature" books of every kind. And this reminds me of the
+countless readers who rarely hear the call of the wild themselves,
+except through word and picture, but who would bitterly and
+justifiably resent the silencing of that call in the very places where
+it ought to be heard at its best.
+
+Now, where can the call of wild Nature be heard to greater advantage
+than in Labrador, which is a land made on purpose to be the home of
+fur, fin and feather? And it is accessible, in the best of all
+possible ways--by sea. It is about equidistant from central Canada,
+England and the States--a wilderness park for all of them. Means of
+communication are multiplying fast. Even now, it would be possible, in
+a good steamer, to take a month's holiday from London to Labrador,
+spending twenty days on the coast and only ten at sea. I think we may
+be quite sure of such travel in the near future; that is, of course,
+if the travellers have a land of life, not death, to come to. And an
+excellent thing about it is that Labrador cannot be overrun and spoilt
+like what our American friends so aptly call a "pocket wilderness".
+Ten wild Englands, properly conserved, cannot be brought into the
+catalogue of common things quite so easily as all that! Besides,
+Labrador enjoys a double advantage in being essentially a seaboard
+country. The visitor has the advantage of being able to see a great
+deal of it--and the finest parts, too--without getting out of touch
+with his moveable base afloat. And the country itself has the
+corresponding advantage of being less liable to be turned into a
+commonplace summer resort by the whole monotonizing apparatus of
+hotels and boarding houses and conventional "sights".
+
+And now, Sir, I venture once more to mention the higher interests, and
+actually to specify one of them, although I have been repeatedly
+warned by outsiders that no public men would ever listen to anything
+which could not be expressed in "easy terms of dollars and cents!" And
+I do so in full confidence that no appeal to the intellectual life
+would fall on deaf ears among the members of a Commission which was
+founded to lead rather than follow the best thought of our time. I
+need not remind you that from the topmost heights of Evolution you can
+see whole realms of Nature infinitely surpassing all those of
+business, sport and tourist recreation, and that the theory of
+Evolution itself is the crowned brain of the entire Animal Kingdom.
+But I doubt whether, as yet, we fully realize that Labrador is
+absolutely unique in being the only stage on which the prologue and
+living pageant of Evolution can be seen together from a single
+panoramic point of view. The sea and sky are everywhere the same
+primeval elements. But no other country has so much primeval land to
+match them. Labrador is a miracle of youth and age combined. It is
+still growing out of the depths with the irresistible vigour of youth.
+But its titanic tablelands consist of those azoic rocks which form the
+very roots of all the other mountains in the world, and which are so
+old, so immeasurably older than any others now standing on the surface
+of the globe, that their Laurentians alone have the real right to bear
+the title of "The Everlasting Hills". Being azoic these Laurentians
+are older than the first age when our remotest ancestors appeared in
+the earliest of animal forms, millions and millions of years ago.
+They are, in fact, the only part of the visible Earth which was
+present when Life itself was born. So here are the three great
+elemental characters, all together--the primal sea and sky and
+land--to act the azoic prologue. And here, too, for all mankind to
+glory in, is the whole pageant of animal life: from the weakest
+invertebrate forms, which link us with the illimitable past, to the
+mightiest developments of birds and mammals at the present day, the
+leviathan whales around us, the soaring eagles overhead, and man
+himself--the culmination of them all--and especially migrating man,
+whose incoming myriads are linking us already with the most pregnant
+phases of the future. Where else are there so many intimate appeals
+both to the child and the philosopher? Where else, in all this world,
+are there any parts of the Creation more fit to exalt our visions and
+make us "Look, through Nature, up to Nature's God"?
+
+But, Sir, I must stop here; and not without renewed apologies for
+having detained you so long over a question on which, as I have
+already warned you, I do not profess to be a scientific expert. I fear
+I have been no architect, not even a builder. But perhaps I have done
+a hodman's work, by bringing a little mortar, with which some of the
+nobler materials may presently be put together.
+
+
+
+
+Bibliography
+
+
+This short list is a mere indication of what can be found in any good
+library.
+
+General information is given in _Labrador; its Discovery, Exploration
+and Development--By W.G. Gosling: Toronto, Musson._ The Atlantic
+Labrador is dealt with by competent experts in _Labrador: the Country
+and the People--By W.T. Grenfell and Others: New York, The Macmillan
+Company, 1910._ This has several valuable chapters on the fauna. The
+Peninsula generally, the interior especially, and the fauna
+incidentally, are dealt with in the reports of _A.P. Low_ and _D.I.V.
+Eaton_ to the _Geological Survey of Canada, 1893-4-5._ An excellent
+general paper on the country is _The Labrador Peninsula, By Robert
+Bell_, in _The Scottish Geographical Magazine_ for July, 1895. The N.
+of the S.W. part is more particularly described in his _Recent
+Explorations to the South of Hudson Bay_ in _The Geographical Journal_
+for July, 1897. The Quebec Labrador is the subject of a recent
+Provincial report, _La Côte Nord du Saint Laurent et le Labrador
+Canadien--Par Eugène Rouillard: Quebec, 1908--Ministère de la
+Colonisation, des Mines et des Pêcheries._ An excellent account of
+animal life on the W. half of the Quebec Labrador is to be found in
+_Life and Sport on the North Shore--By Napoléon A. Comeau: Quebec,
+1909._ The zoology of the Mammals, though not particularly in their
+Labrador habitat, is to be found in _Life-Histories of Northern
+Mammals--By Ernest Thompson-Seton: London, Constable, 2 Vols., 1910._
+The birds, similarly, in the _Catalogue of Canadian Birds--By John
+Macoun and James M. Macoun: Ottawa, Government Printing Bureau, 1909._
+Some books about adjacent areas may be profitably consulted, like
+_Newfoundland and its Untrodden Ways--By John Guille Millais,_ and
+American official publications, like the _Birds of New York--By Elon
+Howard Eaton: Albany, University of the State of New York, 1910._ No.
+34 of the _New York Zoological Society Bulletin_--for June, 1909--is a
+"Wild-life Preservation Number." The best general history and
+present-day summary of the world's fur trade is to be found in a
+recent German work, a genuine _Urquellengeschichte._ French and
+English translations will presumably appear in due course. The
+statistical tables are wonderfully complete. The illustrations are the
+least satisfactory feature. This book is--_Aus dem Reiche der Pelze.
+Von Emil Brass: Berlin, Im Verlage der Neuen Pelzwaren-Zeitung, 1911._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador, by William Wood
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+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/resources/testFile.txt b/src/main/resources/testFile.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3d51b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/resources/testFile.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The lab is interesting. Getting the lab done will help me.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/ParenCheckerTest.java b/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/ParenCheckerTest.java
index 76aa3b6..b4fa0a7 100644
--- a/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/ParenCheckerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/ParenCheckerTest.java
@@ -4,5 +4,112 @@
import org.junit.Test;
public class ParenCheckerTest {
+ ParenChecker parenCheckerTest = new ParenChecker();
+ @Test
+ public void verifyParensArePairedTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "()";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+ @Test
+ public void verifyParensArePairedTest2(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "((";
+ boolean expected = false;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyParensArePairedTest3(){
+ //Given
+ String test = ")(";
+ boolean expected = false;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyParensArePairedTest4(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "(";
+ boolean expected = false;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyParenthesesHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "()";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+ @Test
+ public void verifyCurlyBraceHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "{}";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+ @Test
+ public void verifyBracketHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "[]";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyDiamondsHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "<>";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyDiamondsHaveOpenAndClosingOneTestFail(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "<";
+ boolean expected = false;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifyDoubleQuotesHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "\"\"";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void verifySingleQuotesHaveOpenAndClosingOneTest(){
+ //Given
+ String test = "''";
+ boolean expected = true;
+ //When
+ boolean actual = parenCheckerTest.verifyOpeningCharactersHaveAClosingOne(test);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected,actual);
+ }
}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/WCTest.java b/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/WCTest.java
index 895e831..5e07f7d 100644
--- a/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/WCTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/io/zipcoder/WCTest.java
@@ -3,9 +3,20 @@
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-
public class WCTest {
+ WC testWC = new WC( WC.class.getResource("/testFile.txt").getFile());
+ @Test
+ public void checkIfPrints(){
+ String expected = "Total Words: appears 11 times\n" + "lab: appears 2 times\n" + "the: appears 2 times\n" + "done: appears 1 times\n" +
+ "getting: appears 1 times\n" + "help: appears 1 times\n" + "interesting: appears 1 times\n"
+ + "is: appears 1 times\n" + "me: appears 1 times\n" + "will: appears 1 times\n";
+ String actual = testWC.printMap();
+ Assert.assertEquals(expected, actual);
+ }
+ @Test
+ public void SanctuaryTest(){
+ WC bookWC = new WC(WC.class.getResource("/someTextFile.txt").getFile());
+ System.out.println(bookWC.printMap());
+ }
}
\ No newline at end of file