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<h1 align="center"><a name="scientists"></a><b><u>Protein Modelling</b></u></h1>
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<font color= 686868 ><font color= "blue">CPSSD: </font><font color="black" >(Compact Protein secondary structure Database): allows one to
     extract protein secondary  structure information  from DSSP files
     to create protein secondary structure database in compact and user
     friendly format.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><font color= "blue">ASSP: </font><font color="black" >(Assessment of secondary structure prediction): has been developed for evaluating the quality of protein secondary structure prediction and for appraising the secondary structure prediction methods.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><font color= "blue">ONNM: </font><font color="black" >(Optimized Nearest Neighbour Method): was developed to
     predict the protein secondary structure from their amino acid sequence.
     It first predicts the secondary structure by combining netural network and nearest neghbour approach.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><font color= "blue">PSSPR: </font><font color="black" >(Prediction of Protein Conformational States): A 64 conformational
     states prediction method has been developed to predict the dihedral
     angle of protein backbone.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><font color= "blue">CATSP: </font><font color="black" >(Computer Aided Tertiary Structure Prediction): This program used
     the dihedral angles of protein backbone and secondary structure 
     information and generate the Cartesian coordinate of tertiary structure 
     of protein. This program also allow to use the rotamer library (Dunbark 
     and Karplus) to compute the sidechain angles.</font></font></p>

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<h1 align="center"><a name="technical"></a><b><u>Molecular Biology</b></u></h1>

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<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/dnasize/ TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">DNASIZE: </a></font><font color="black" >This computer program has been developed for computing
      the size of DNA fragments from their electrophoretic mobilities
      using a graphical method. This program can also be used to compute
      the size of proteins or polypeptides from SDS-PAGE. In addition to
      computing the size of DNA fragments and protein size the program
      also allows one to present the comparison of standard curves obtained
      from gel electrophoresis (or SDS-PAGE). The program is written in
      C and can be run on IBM PC or a compatible computer under MS-DOS
      version 2.0 or higher, and requires a CGA, EGA or VGA card. <a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/dnasize/ TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font>  to down load t
his program.


<br> <font color= "red"> Reference:</font>Raghava, G.P.S. (1994) Improved estimation of DNA
     fragment lengths from gel electrophoresis.     Biotechniques 17: 100-104.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/gmap/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">GMAP: </a></font><font color="black" >A comprehensive computer program GMAP, has been developed for
      mapping the potential restriction endonuclease (R. E.) sites in
      non-ambiguous  DNA sequence, predicting the number and type of
      mutations required to introduce unique R.E. sites in the non-ambiguous,
      searching all R.E. sites in ambiguous DNA sequence obtained by
      reverse translation of a given amino acid sequence; iv) searching R.E.
      sites in DNA sequence obtained from reverse translation of amino acid
      sequence employing user-defined codon usage. These facilities allow      the program to be employed for the design of synthetic genes as well
      as the modular redesign of gene.<a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/gmap/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font> to down load this program.<br>


<font color= "red"> Reference:</font> Raghava, G.P.S. and Sahni, G. (1994) GMAP: a
    multipurpose computer program to aid synthetic
    gene design, cassette mutagenesis and
    introduction of potential restriction sites into
    DNA sequences. Biotechniques 16: 1116-1123.</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/dnaopt/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">DNAOPT: </a></font><font color="black" >DNAOPT computer program has been developed to assist the users
      in optimizing the conditions of gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. <a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/dnaopt/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font> to down load this program.
<br>

<font color= "red"> Reference:</font>Raghava, G. P. S. DNAOPT : A computer program
     to aid optimization of gel conditions of DNA gel
     electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. Biotechniques 18:
     274-81.
</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/elisaeq/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">ELISAeq: </a></font><font color="black" >A computer program is developed which utilizes a graphical
      method for determining the concentration of either the antibody or
      the antigen from ELISA data. This computer program also calculate
      essential parameter the signal, capacity and flatness (constants used
      in hyperbolic regression),  for ELISA optimization.This program is develoed in GW-BASIC at IBM-PC under DOS.  Click  to down load this program.

<br><font color= "red"> Reference:</font>Raghava, G.P.S., Joshi, A.K. and Agrewala, J.N. (1992)
     Calculation of antibody and antigen concentrations from
     ELISA data using a graphical method. J. Immunol.
     Methods 153, 263-264</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/abaffi/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Ab-Affi: </a></font><font color="black" >A simple and reliable method based upon law of mass action
      for calculating affinity of a monoclonal antibody using non-competitive
      ELISA, has been developed. This program is develoed in GW-BASIC at IBM-PC under DOS. <a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/abaffi/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font> to down load this program.

<br><font color= "red"> Reference:</font> Raghava, G.P.S. and Agrewala, J.N. (1994) Method for
     determining the affinity of monoclonal antibody using
     non-competitive ELISA : A computer program. Journal of
     Immunoassay 15: 115-128.
</font></font></p>

<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/il4ifng/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">IL4IFNG: </a></font><font color="black" >A computer program for computing of murine interleukin-4 and
      interferon-gamma by exploiting the unique abilities of these
      lymphokines to induce the secretion of IgG1 AND IgG2a has been
      developed.This program is develoed in GW-BASIC at IBM-PC under DOS.<a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/il4ifng/README.html TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font> to down load this program.

<br><font color= "red"> Reference:</font>Agrewala, J.N., Raghava, G.P.S., Mishra, G.C. (1993)
     Measurement and computation of murine interleukine-4
     and interfron-gamma by exploiting the unique abilities of
     these lymphokines to induce the secretion of IgG1 and
     IgG2a. Journal of Immunoassay 14, 83-97</font></font></p>
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<h1 align="center"><a name="phd"></a><b><u>Misscellaneous</b></u></h1>

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<font color= 686868 ><a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/hemo/ TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Hemo: </a></font>
<font color="black" >A computer program which facilitates the feeding of OD data
      directly from ELISA reader by interfacing it to the computer for
      computing parameters like C50, C100 and beta and representing hemolytic
      pattern of drugs graphically has been developed. The program, for
      analysis and calculation of the data is written in Q-BASIC.This program is develoed at IBM-PC under DOS. <a href= http://172.16.1.22/raghava/progs/hemo/ TARGET="_BLANK"><font color= "blue">Click</a></font>  to down load this program.

<br><font color= "red"> Reference:</font>
Raghava, G.P.S., Goel, A., Singh, A. M., and
    Varshney, G. (1994) A Simple Microassay for
    Computing the Hemolytic Potency of Drugs.
    Biotechniques it 17: 1148-53.
</font></font></p>
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